LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT

Levels of Management

In an organization, the level of managers grouped into top managers, mid-level managers (midle manager), and first-line managers (operational) is usually described by the form of a pyramid, which a larger number of employees at the bottom than at the peak.

1. Top Management

Top management (top management), also known as executive officer, in charge of planning activities and general corporate strategy and direct the course of the company. Examples of top management is the CEO (Chief Executive Officer), CIO (Chief Information Officer) and CFO (Chief Financial Officer).

Example of policy in this managerial level:

• To improve the quality of a hotel, general manager instructed to each department head to do or give the best service in the job.

2. Middle Management

Middle management (middle management) include all the management wich beetwen the first-line managers and top management and served as a link between the two.Which is a mid-level managers include: head of department, project leader, plant manager, ordivision manager.

Example of policy in this managerial level:

• To keep the kitchen cost not to soar high, The Executif Chef makes the new design of menus that require a little cost in processing, but it's still good in taste.

     3. First-line Management
             First-line management also known as operational management, in the lowest level of management in
     charge of redirecting and overseeing non-managerial employees involved in the production proses. They
     are often called supervisor, shift manager, area manager, office manager, department manager or foreman. 
     Example of policy in this managerial level:

• Supervisor in the stewards department giving freedom to the steward to request days off on a particular day. So the other stewards could replace him when he was off.

However, not all organizations can complete its work by using this traditional pyramid shape. For example in the organization wich more flexible and simple, with the work performed by a team of employees who are always changing, moving from one project to another according to demand jobs.

HOW TO MOTIVATE THE EMPLOYEES WHO ARE NOT SPIRIT IN WORK?

How to motivate the employees who are not spirit in work ....?

         As a supervisor you must know each other each employee (employee's background, his family and so on). If we see there are employees who do not energetically,as a supervisor we should reprimand in the sense asking what the cause of the employee is not spirit in working. Is there a problem he is facing? Invite his to share the problems that he is facing. After that we give an opinion / advice on the problem and give the motivation to solve the problem.
        Maybe with this way the employee does not have the burden of his mind again that effect on his morale.

STRATEGY PLANNING AND OPERTIONAL PLANNING

Strategy Planning and Opertional Planing

                Planning is one of the four functions of management are important and interlinked with each other. Talk about planning, we are faced with the question of whether a plan went well or not. This fundamental question asked when we would actually see the reality of everyday life that shows the number of failures due to wrong planning and inappropriate. Errors may be planning earlier planning itself or in the planning processes that take place.

Type / Type of Planning
There are two basic types of basic planning (James AF Stoner and R. Edward Freeman, 1994):

• Strategic planning, planning is done by the top and middle managers to achieve broader organizational goals (long-term plan)
• Operational planning, plans that show how the strategic planning will be implemented in daily activities - day.

1. Strategic Planning
          Strategic planning is a long-term planning process developed and used to require and achieve organizational goals keseluruhana. Includes planning to determine the purpose and mission of the organization and resource allocation strategy has.
         With the formulation of a strategic planning framework will provide direction or planning forms the basis of other known organizational planning, so that the form of a compiled plan then it will sync and competitiveness do not overlap each other because all the basing of strategic planning taking into account the range of achievement of long-term goals.
         Strategic planning is increasingly important with the development of the organization, this is partly due to the breadth and severity of the task manager so that a manager may not always be to provide strategic directions with spoken continuously, while also getting a completely external environment. All it requires study and analysis to formulate long-term plans yanag able to find new approaches in solving the problem to be faced by the organization.

2. Operational Planing
         Operational planning is derived from tactical planning, has a more narrow focus, a shorter period of time and involves the lower-level management (operational management).
Operational planning (operational planning), focused efficiency, which in regard to operation of the operation now and especially not the effectiveness.
The types of operational planning:
1. Production Plans        : Planning relating to the methods and technology needed in the work
2. Financial Plans          : Planning associated with the funds needed for operating activities
3. Plans Facilites           : Planning-related facilities & layaout jobs needed to support the task.
4. Marketing Plans         : Dealing with the purposes of sale and distribution of goods / services.
5.Human Resource Plans: relating to recruitment, selection and placement of people in various

                                       occupations.